| Cloddy soil | Abiotic stress | Cloddy soils cover seeds too much. This causes problems in emergence, and limits water absorption for germination. | cloddy soils in paddy fields, symptoms of cloddy soil problem, impact of cloddy soil on crop stand, how to manage cloddy soil |
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| Root knot nematode | Biotic stress | It can survive in roots of infected plants. It prefers soil moisture of 32%. It develops best in moisture of 20% to 30% and soil dryness at rice tillering and panicle initiation. Its population increases with the growth of susceptible rice plants. | root knot nematode in rice, how to check presence of nematodes, how to manage nematodes, chemical control for nematode |
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| Modified mat nursery | Crop establishment | A modified mat nursery establishes seedlings in a layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface. Seedlings are ready for planting within 15-20 days after seeding (DAS). | modified mat nursery, how to establish a modified mat nursery, nursery bed preparation, fertilizer for nursery |
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| Main weeds of rice | Weed management | Rice can be grown in terrestrial, aquatic and semi-aquatic environments. Weed can grow in all these environments creating a major problem by reducing yield and income. | weeds in rice, grass weeds, sedges, broad leaved weeds |
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| Herbicide toxicity | Weed management | Herbicide toxicity typically happen if products are not used according to their recommendations e.g., at the wrong rate, the wrong stage of crop growth, or sometimes if the product is carried into contact with the emerging seed (e.g., water infiltration moves the product into the soil). | herbicide toxicity in rice, symptoms of herbicide toxicity, how to avoid herbicide toxicity |
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| Integrated weed management | Weed management | Weed control is essential to avoid yield losses and the cost of production. It also helps maintain good grain quality. Management of weed is important during specific growth stages of rice like, land preparation, nursery, early crop growth until canopy closes. | integrated weed management in rice, methods of weed control, manual weed control, mechanical weed control, chemical weed control, cultural weed control |
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| Saving water with alternet wetting drying(AWD) | Water management | Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) is a water-saving technology that farmers can apply to reduce their irrigation water use in rice fields without any yield penalty. | alternate wetting and drying, how to reduce irrigation water use in rice, how to use pani pipe, efficient water managment in rice, how to implement AWD |
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| Variety selection | Variety | Use locally adapted varieties to ensure good crop establishment and high yield with acceptable grain quality for market. | rice variety selection, variety considerations, new variety evaluation, how to maximize yield |
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| Mixed variety | Variety | When fields have mixed variety, rice plants have different maturity periods. There are also differences in grain filling and moisture at the time of harvest. | mixed paddy variety, how to identify mixed variety, management practices for mixed variety, poor seed quality, off types |
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| Measuring varietal purity | Variety | For seed to be classified as "good or certified," it must be able to pass a seed certification standard that determines whether the seed is true to varietal type. | measuring rice varietal purity, rice grain size and shape, grain weight, red grains, why to measure varietal purity |
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