| Land preparation | Land preparation | Land preparation is the disturbance of the soil in preparation for establishing a crop and covers a wide range of practices from zero-tillage or minimum tillage to full field disturbance. | land preparation for rice, types of tillage, how to do land preparation, puddling, primary tillage, secondary tillage |
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| Land leveling | Land preparation | Level land and good bunds or levee management are the foundation for successful crop management. Level land improves the efficiency in use of all other production inputs needed for successful rice farming as it improves water coverage in the field. | land leveling for rice, advantages of land leveling, land leveling and weed control, timeliness of land preparation |
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| Soil too soft | Abiotic stress | The problem of soil being too soft occurs in wet direct seeded systems where insufficient time is given for the soil to settle between final wet land preparation (e.g., puddling) and sowing. | too soft soil in paddy field, how to identify too soft soil, problems of crop establishment, how to manage soil consistency |
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| Soil crusting | Abiotic stress | When soil experience crusting, the germinating seeds are unable to break the crust. This also limits oxygen flow into and out of the soil, thus reducing crop growth. | soil crusting problem in direct seeded field, symptoms of soil crusting, crop establishment problems, how to manage soil crusting problem |
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| Salinity | Abiotic stress | Salinity affects the respiration and photosynthesis of plants. It decreases biological N2 fixation and soil nitrogen mineralization. | salinity problem in rice, effect of salinity on rice growth, causes of salinity, salt affected soil types, symptoms of salinity affected field, how to manage salinity |
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| Poor seed distribution | Abiotic stress | When seeds are poorly distributed, either crop stand of plants becomes too dense or have unnecessary spaces in between when plants are too few. Weeds also grow and compete with the crop for nutrients. | poor paddy seed distribution, paddy crop density, plant count in rice field, how to identify damages due to poor seed distribution |
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| Muddy water | Abiotic stress | The problem occurs when seeds germinate and/or grow in Muddy water reduces the oxygen supply of the germinating muddy water. | muddy water problem in rice field, muddy water problem in direct seeded field, crop establishment problems, how to manage muddy water |
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| Heavy rainfall | Abiotic stress | When rice fields experience heavy rainfall, freshly seeded fields tend to have poor distribution, germination, and emergence. | effect of heavy rainfall on rice, effect on direct seeded rice field, how to identify problems of heavy rainfall, how to manage field after heavy rainfall |
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| Field levels (low spots) | Abiotic stress | Low spots in the field have softer soils, causing problems of seed emergence. When the field dries, snails group together at the low spot. | low spots in paddy field, unevnness in rice field level, how to identify low spot problems, how to manage low spot problems in field |
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| Field level (high spots) | Abiotic stress | Seeds planted on high spots are more prone to weed competition, and may suffer in moisture stress. | high spots in paddy field, weed problem in high spots, how to identify problems of high spots, how to manage high spots in paddy field |
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